History

 

 

 

 
 
 
     
Galilei, Galileo (1564 - 1642)
 
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei
 

IIn the age of the enlightenment the natural science stepped into a close relationship to the mathematics, all emotional elements were expelled from nature.

Through his research of the drop - and throw motion Galilei found the modern Cinematic. The mathematician was an enthusiastic follower the Copernican doctrine (the sun makes up the center of the world), which let to the prohibition of this doctrine by pope Urban VIII in 1614. Thereupon Galilei dedicated his witty essay, the 'Saggiatore', to him, in the hope to convince him about his theses. Nevertheless led the nine years later (1632) composed writing 'Dialogo' to a process against Galilei, which ended with his abjuration and conviction.

Like no other of his time Galilei influenced the growing new science and its methods. His conflict with the church was along others described by Berthold Brecht (Galileo Galilei, 1943).

   
Gutenberg, Johannes (ca. 1396 - 1468) )
 

With the print of the Forty-Two-Line bible Gutenberg directly drove into bankruptcy, since he constantly had lent money, to cover his high expenditures. He had printed the work on 1282 pages with three millions foundered types. Today 48 copies still belong to the most precious property of the cultural history. Gutenberg lived in a Mainz suburb after the fashion from the pensions of his home city. Little is known about his life, even fewer about how he achieved his invention of the movable types. Gutenberg instructed in Strasbourg - after the political climate in Mainz had become intolerable for him - honorable citizens in the secret art of 'Heilspiegelproduktion' ("Welfare mirror production"). However apart from his special liking for mirrors Gutenberg continuously dealt with meltable forms. Many scientists regard Gutenberg's Strasbourg secret art as the first attempts of typography. Up to the present day not a single fragment of a Strasbourg print from that time has been found.

 
Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gutenberg
   
Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804)
 
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant
 

The access to Kant is especially difficult, more difficult than with any other philosopher. Not necessarily because of the complicatedness and heaviness of his representation, but rather for the reason that his philosophy rigorously contradicts the common way of thinking, because it calls upon an entire reversal of thinking and life in general, without thereby bringing the new, which it introduces, to a complete conclusion. However Kant could not have engaged in the intellectual in such a deep manner, could not have excited the human being as a human being, if the simple truths did not speak from his work, which do redesign our whole existence.

In the same year (1781), in which Lessing, the great poet of the German enlightenment and at the same time their most important critic, passed away, Kants first major work was published, ' the criticism of the pure reason' along with which the European movement of the enlightenment was brought to completion and at the same time was lifted to a higher level.

Herder, who studied in Königsberg (Kants home town, which he had never left) during Kants first year as a university teacher, praises Kants advantages as a lecturer in a letter: "He, in his blooming years, had the cheerful liveliness of a boy, his open, built for the thinking forehead was a home of indestructible cheer and joy..."

 

   
Konfuzius (551 - 479 v. Chr.)
 

Chinas most important thinker was a serious, reserved and very industrious person. The Confucianism, named after him, is a civics - and ethics science that puts the family in the center of the state.

Confucius saw his task especially in preserving the well proved old and in gaining principles for living by the experiences of the ancestors. Neither state nor power were absolute values for him, but the belief in moral and natural harmony alone. "Which you do not wish personally, that do not do to others."

 
Konfuzius
Konfuzius
   
   
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